Period 3 covers the emergence of the modern world, beginning with the Metternich age of Conservatism from the Congress of Vienna through the Revolutions of 1848. The political stabilization in the 1st half of the 19th Century was buttressed by the Industrial Revolution. The population changes and social upheaval drastically changed the continent by the middle of the century. The second half of the 19th Century is marked by an extensive restructuring of the map of Europe and the idea of nation-state. Worldwide influence of European Imperialism and the development of new sciences and pseudo-sciences put the continent on a a crash course with war early in the 20th Century. A variety of art movements captured the changing political, social, and economic climate of Europe at this time.